Residual stresses in cold-formed steel members: Review of measurement methods and numerical modelling

The determination of residual stress distributions in cold-formed members is revisited considering both experimental and numerical methodologies. Destructive, semi-destructive non-destructive techniques are reviewed with special emphasis on sectioning, hole drilling X-ray diffraction; the particularities each procedure sections addressed. Theory metal strip deformation roll design exposed before analytical incremental closed-formed expressions presented compared to results for press-braked sections. Finally, most important works finite element simulations forming revisited, highlighting computational limitations capability predicting stresses.